During standard therapy was reversed, and no patient's progression of abnormalities during treatment with 24, 25 OH ; * D, exceeded that occuring when on standard therapy and placebo. It is possible that compliance may have differed between year 1 and year 2 of the study, but this was not born out by records of experimental drug distribution. A more common effect would be increased compliance immediately after study entry, a phenomenon which this design controlled for. In adults histomorphometric quantitation of osteoid surface was significantly reduced with 24, 25 OH ; 2 D, treatment, however the response varied. The two youngest biopsied patients improved substantially in this regard, and a lesser degree of improvement occurred in two others. The more consistent improvement in the rachitic features described in children as compared with the effects on trabecular bone in adults may reflect differential activity of 24, 25 0H ; , Da at sites of true bone as opposed to epiphyseal cartilage, although one patient was radiographed and biopsied Pt 11, and improvement occurred at both sites. The more rapid rate of bone turnover in the younger subjects may explain this difference. Finally, on a weight adjusted basis the adults recieved a much lower dose than children, which might also explain these findings. In this regard, the weight-adjusted dosages used in Hyp mice were orders of magnitude greater than in the current study. It will be important to establish the optimal dosage of drug. The patients described herein almost uniformly demonstrated hyperparathyroidism while on standard treatment, and the addition of 24, 25 OH& D, corrected this abnormality. One patient in whom hyperparathyroidism recurred 3 months after parathyroidectomy had normal circulating PTH after addition of 24, 25 0H ; , D, . Thus, an important use of 24, 25 0H ; , Da may be in the prevention or treatment of parathyroid related complications of XLH. Furthermore, correction of hyperparathyroidism was associated with improvement in bone disease, raising the possibility that PTH can exacerbate rickets and or osteomalacia in patients with XLH. The addition of 24, 25 0H ; , D, to standard therapy in patients with XLH corrects hyperparathyroidism and improves skeletal lesions. Correction of the nocturnal rise in NcAMP excretion and the elevation in circulating phosphorus concentrations with 24, 25 0H ; , Da therapy are presumably secondary to the normalization of parathyroid function. Whether the associated skeletal improvement is a direct effect of 24, 25 OHJ2 D, on bone, or whether it is mediated by a reduction in circulating PTH, or is a function of reduced phosphate losses is not clear. No other therapeutic approach to date, however, has successfully addressed the pathophysiological cycle of therapy-driven hyperparathyroidism and the subsequent PTH-induced phosphate losses that occur with current treatment regimens in XLH. For these reasons, the combination of 24, 25 0H ; , D, with 1, 25 OH ; , Da and phosphate may represent a significant advance in the management of XLH. Application of this approach to other disorders in which secondary hyperparathyroidism is a prominent feature may also be useful.

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Cool factor: the r1 is cool for wheelies, whereby the senna tends to squat and hug the road desireable as far as i concerned and solifenacin Architecture. The fertility of all 10 stamens was used to distinguish section Psilorhegma from all other sections, which have only seven or fewer fertile stamens and three adaxial staminodes. The kind of androecium typical of Psilorhegma was considered to represent the ancestral state, justifying the ``basal'' position of Psilorhegma within Senna. Conversely, the highly asymmetric condition of the androecium and corolla characteristic of flowers in Peiranisia was used to interpret Peiranisia as the most derived section, while the flowers of sections Chamaefistula, Astroites, Senna, and Paradictyon were considered to represent intermediate evolutionary stages Irwin and Barneby, 1982; see also Fig. 3 AC ; . The monotypic sections Astroites and Paradictyon consist of Senna villosa and S. paradictyon, respectively. Although S. villosa shares some floral features with sect. Chamaefistula, and S. paradictyon with sections Senna and Peiranisia, the two species were assigned each to its own section because some of their morphological features are found nowhere else in the genus Irwin and Barneby, 1982 ; . These unique features include the lomentaceous pod and stellate hairs of S. villosa and the xylopodium and parallel sepal venation of S. paradictyon. The diversity of floral symmetries and structures raises interesting questions on the evolution of floral morphology in Senna. Irwin and Barneby 1982 ; suggested that floral asymmetry evolved in relation to bee pollination in more than one evolutionary line within Senna, but did not test this hypothesis, nor did other researchers. The relationship between enantiostyly and pollination biology has been investigated only in a few species of Senna e.g., Fontanelle, 1979; Dulberger, 1981; Gottsberger and Silberbauer-Gottsberger, 1988; Carvalho and Oliveira, 2003 ; . Other morphological studies, which focused on a few species, examined the specialization of the stigma Owens and Lewis, 1989; Dulberger et al., 1994 ; , the structure of the poricidal stamens e.g., Lassaigne, 1979; Endress, 1994; Tucker, 1996a ; , and floral development Tucker, 1996b ; . The presence of EFNs represents another fascinating evolutionary aspect of Senna morphology. Most taxonomic treatments of Senna considered EFNs as an ``archaic feature, '' present in the ``basal'' sections Psilorhegma and Chamaefistula, but lost in more ``advanced'' lines, i.e., sections Senna, Paradictyon and part of Peiranisia Irwin and Barneby, 1982; Randell, 1989 ; . Although little is known about EFNs in Senna, experimental studies in other angiosperms, including many legume taxa, demonstrated that the mutualistic relationship between EFNs and the ants that feed on them protects the plant from herbivores, thus enhancing plant fitness e.g., Koptur, 1979; Barton, 1986; Rutter and Rausher, 2004 ; . Nevertheless, the implications of these recent findings for the evolutionary history of Senna have not been addressed. An explicit phylogenetic framework within Senna would allow us to investigate the proposed ancestral nature of the EFNs and the single vs. multiple origins of these structures within the genus, compare the sizes of sister clades formed by species with or without EFNs, and discuss the potential evolutionary role of EFNs in light of their value for plant defense. The major aim of the present study is to generate a molecular phylogeny of the genus Senna to be compared with current classification systems Irwin and Barneby, 1982; Randell, 1988, 1989, 1990; Singh, 2001 ; and elucidate patterns of morphological evolution. More specifically, we address the following questions: 1 ; Are the sections Chamaefistula and senna.

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