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Vasys Medical, Inc. launched the Renessa System, a nongical treatment for female stress urinary incontinence. The ice ut tilizes radiofrequency energy to remodel collagen within ue targets in the bladder neck and proximal urethra. Renessa ers a new, non-incisional option which can be performed in octor's office. Infants are especially susceptible to tuberculosis, school age children are resistant, adolescents and young adults esp. young females ; are susceptible, older adults are resistant and the elderly and feeble are highly susceptible. Reactivation T.B. can occur even years after initial infection in adults with fevers, coughing, night sweats, and upper posterior lobe cavitation or infiltrates. This occurs in up to 10% of carriers. The tuberculin skin test is an IPPD intermediate strength protein derivative ; type test that is only 75% positive in reactivation T.B. and is even less reliable in HIV patients. The typical tuberculin skin test is usually of the HEAF type which is most familiar in the U.S. ; or the mantoux test. Occasionally one will also see the tine test used. Untreated reactivation T.B. is fatal. HIV patients have a 10% lifetime chance of reactivation. T.B. if skin test positive and the greatest risk is within 2 years of pulmonary infection. Unfortunately, until recently, culturing was the only reliable diagnosis, but PCR-DNA tests are being developed and tested, however, the accuracy is not high. Drug therapy is available through several very effective drug regimens. However, all T.B. drugs are toxic and side effects can occur. The drug regimen can be involved and very lengthy. Typically, INH isoniazid ; , rifampin, PZA Pyrazinamide ; , ethambutol, streptomycin sometimes ; , quinolones in multi-drug-resistant cases ; , rifabutin in rifampin resistant cases ; and rifapentine a new substitute for rifampin ; are the drugs of choice. Occasionally, a few others are used in very resistant strain cases. INH is the drug of choice for prophylaxis or prevention in high-risk individuals. There is a vaccine available but it is not used in the U.S. and has had dubious success in other areas. The BCG Bacille-Calmette Guerin ; , a substrain of M. bovis is mainly for children as a protection against the most serious manifestations of tubercular disease such as meningitis and disseminated blood-borne T.B. Protection is only likely for a percentage of recipients and the effects wear off over time. It has never been advocated in the U.S. due to conflicting field reports regarding its effectiveness. Many AIDS patients go into full-blown T.B., even if vaccinated and BCG can also activate in advanced AIDS cases. BCG is only given to skin test negative individuals. THE NEW EPIDEMIC: After continual declines in the number of tuberculosis cases in the 60s and 70s, starting in 1979, small increases were noted in the relative number of cases. The changes were very small and no one was alarmed. However, in 1985, to everyones surprise, the statistics reversed and an increase in total number of cases was recorded. By 1990, T.B. cases had climbed to 25, 700 per year. This resurgence peaked in 1992-1993 and a slow decline has again occured. In 1997, 7.4 cases 100, 000 was reported and in 1998, 6.8 cases 100, 000 were documented. This amounted to slightly less than 20, 000 total cases in 1997 and even slightly less in 1998. The main reasons for the reversal was too early discharges from treatment clinics and the fact that multi-drug resistant MDR ; strains were starting to appear. In fact, by 1998, MDR strains of M. tuberculosis were reported in 45 states. The early discharges allowed infective people to circulate in society and pose an infection threat. Guinea pig studies have verified infectivity even after several weeks of intensive drug therapy. Most clinics reported that only 1 4th of their patients finished their medications, which are long and involved regimens.

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REFERENCES 1. Arioli, V., M. Berti, G. Carniti, E. Randisi, E. Rossi, and R. Scotti. 1981. Antibacterial activity of DL473, a new semisynthetic rifamycin derivative. J. Antibiot. Tokyo ; 34: 10261029. 2. Dhillon, J., J. M. Dickinson, A. J. Gay, T. K. Ng, and D. A. Mitchison. 1989. Activity of two long lasting rifamycins, rifapentine and FCE22807, in experimental murine tuberculosis. Tubercle Lung Dis. 73: 116123. 3. Dhillon, J., and D. A. Mitchison. 1992. Activity in vitro of rifabutin, FCE 22807, rifapentine, and rifampin against Mycobacterium microti and M. tuberculosis and their penetration into mouse peritoneal macrophages. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 212214. 4. Dickinson, J. M., and D. A. Mitchison. 1987. In vitro properties of rifapentine MDL473 ; relevant to its use in intermittent chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Tubercle 68: 113119. 5. Heifets, L. 1996. Drug susceptibility testing in mycobacteriology, p. 641656. In L. Heifets ed. ; , Clinics in laboratory medicine: clinical mycobacteriology, vol. 16. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 6. Heifets, L. B. 1991. Drug susceptibility tests in the management of chemotherapy of tuberculosis, p. 89121. In L. B. Heifets ed. ; , Drug susceptibility in the chemotherapy of mycobacterial infections. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. 7. Heifets, L. B., P. J. Lindholm-Levy, and M. A. Flory. 1990. Bactericidal activity in vitro of various rifamycins against M. avium and M. tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 141: 626630. 8. Ji, B., C. Truffot-Pernot, C. Lacroix, M. C. Raviglione, R. J. O'Brien, P. Olliaro, G. Roscigno, and J. Grosset. 1991. Effectiveness of clarithromycin and minocycline alone and in combination against experimental Mycobacterium leprae infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 579581. 9. Mor, N., B. Simon, N. Mezo, and L. Heifets. 1995. Comparison of the activities of rifapentine and rifampin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing in human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39: 2073 2077. Pascual, A., D. Tsukayama, J. Kovarik, G. Gekker, and P. Peterson. 1987. Uptake and activity of rifapentine in human peritoneal macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 6: 152157. 11. Truffot-Pernot, C. H., J. Grosset, R. Bismuth, and H. L. Lecoeur. 1983. Activite de la rifapicine administree de maniere intermittente et de la clopentyl rifamycine ou DL473 ; sur la tuberculose experimentale de la souris. Rev. Fr. Mal. Respir. 11: 875882. 12. Tsukamura, M., S. Mizuno, and H. Toyama. 1986. In vitro antimycobacterial activity of rifapentine comparison with rifampicin ; . Kekkaku 61: 633639. 13. Yates, M. D., and C. H. Collins. 1982. Comparison of the sensitivity of mycobacteria to the cyclopentyl rifamycin DL473 and rifamycin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 10: 147150 and rifaximin.

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Military service as a precondition of noble privilege might seem like a fairly equivalent basis. Cf Birgitta Fritz' discussion of a unique example of a letter of fidelity from the early 14th century and riluzole.
Mathias Gronberg of Sweden came from three shots off the pace to claim his fourth European Tour International win of the season at Gardagolf near Brescia with a 17-under 71-67-68-65--271 ; triumph in the 60th Italian Open Telecome Italia, two strokes ahead of Ricardo Gonzalez, Jose Manuel and Colin Montgomerie, earning E183, 330. The tournament marked Montgomerie's first competitive return to the Tour and was also highlighted by the disqualification of Seve Ballesteros for apparent slow play, something the Spanish star did not accept quietly The MHCmTNF transgene was excised from the pBluescript plasmid and purified as a linear, 6.8-kb DNA fragment. The gel-purified DNA fragment was then microinjected into 1-cell mouse embryos of FVB mice Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me ; in the Baylor College of Medicine Transgenic Mouse Core Facility. Screening of the colonies was performed by Southern hybridization with an EcoRV-BglII fragment of the MHCmTNF transgene as the probe.2 Expression of the MHCmTNF transgene was assessed by Northern blot analysis of total RNA from various tissues, including spleen, liver, lung, and heart and rimantadine.
The burden of care in families where mothers are disabled or have died as a result of pregnancy related complications are often borne by the girl child. Emergence of resistance, not depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the log phase of growth. J. Infect. Dis. 195: 194201. 21a.Gumbo, T., A. Louie, M. R. Deziel, and G. L. Drusano. 2003. Abstr. 43rd Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. A-1156. 22. Gupta, A. K., D. S. Chauhan, K. Srivastava, R. Das, S. Batra, M. Mittal, P. Goswami, N. Singhal, V. D. Sharma, K. Venkatesan, S. E. Hasnain, and V. M. Katoch. 2006. Estimation of efflux mediated multi-drug resistance and its correlation with expression levels of two major efflux pumps in mycobacteria. J. Communicable Dis. 38: 246254. 23. Harshey, R. M., and T. Ramakrishnan. 1976. Purification and properties of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 432: 4959. 24. Hudson, A., T. Imamura, W. Gutteridge, T. Kanyok, and P. Nunn. 2003. The current anti-TB drug research and development pipeline. UNDP World Bank WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 25. Jayaram, R., S. Gaonkar, P. Kaur, B. L. Suresh, B. N. Mahesh, R. Jayashree, V. Nandi, S. Bharat, R. K. Shandil, E. Kantharaj, and V. Balasubramanian. 2003. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of rifampin in an aerosol infection model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 21182124. 26. Ji, B., C. Truffot-Pernot, C. Lacroix, M. C. Raviglione, R. J. O'Brien, P. Olliaro, G. Roscigno, and J. Grosset. 1993. Effectiveness of rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine for preventive therapy of tuberculosis in mice. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148: 15411546. 27. Kenny, M. T., and B. Strates. 1981. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic rifampin. Drug Metab. Rev. 12: 159218. 28. Kunin, C. M., W. A. Craig, M. Kornguth, and R. Monson. 1973. Influence of binding on the pharmacologic activity of antibiotics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 226: 214224. 29. Lee, C. N., and L. B. Heifets. 1987. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations of antituberculosis drugs by radiometric and conventional methods. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136: 349352. 30. Louie, A., W. Liu, M. Deziel, M. Drusano, L. Turner, T. Gumbo, and G. L. Drusano. 2004. Abstr. 44th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. A-1297. 31. Maggi, N., C. R. Pasqualucci, R. Ballotta, and P. Sensi. 1966. Rifampicin: a new orally active rifamycin. Chemotherapy 11: 285292. 32. Mitchison, D. A. 2004. Antimicrobial therapy of tuberculosis: justification for currently recommended treatment regimens. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 25: 307315. 33. Mitchison, D. A., and J. M. Dickinson. 1971. Laboratory aspects of intermittent drug therapy. Postgrad. Med. J. 47: 737741. 34. Peloquin, C. 2003. What is the `right' dose of rifampin? Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 7: 35. Peloquin, C. A., G. S. Jaresko, C. L. Yong, A. C. Keung, A. E. Bulpitt, and R. W. Jelliffe. 1997. Population pharmacokinetic modeling of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41: 26702679. 36. Piddock, L. J., K. J. Williams, and V. Ricci. 2000. Accumulation of rifampicin by Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45: 159165. 37. Rieder, H. L. 2002. Interventions for tuberculosis control and elimination. International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Paris, France. 38. Rosenthal, I. M., K. Williams, S. Tyagi, C. A. Peloquin, A. A. Vernon, W. R. Bishai, J. H. Grosset, and E. L. Nuermberger. 2006. Potent twice-weekly rifapentine-containing regimens in murine tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 174: 94101. 39. Rottenberg, H. 1965. The measurement of membrane potential and pH in cells, organelles, and vesicles. Methods Enzymol. 64: 547559. 40. Siddiqi, N., R. Das, N. Pathak, S. Banerjee, N. Ahmed, V. M. Katoch, and S. E. Hasnain. 2004. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate with a distinct genomic identity overexpresses a tap-like efflux pump. Infection 32: 109111. 41. Sirgel, F. A., P. B. Fourie, P. R. Donald, N. Padayatchi, R. Rustomjee, J. Levin, G. Roscigno, J. Norman, H. McIlleron, and D. A. Mitchison. 2005. The early bactericidal activities of rifampin and rifapentine in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172: 128135. 42. Somoskovi, A., L. M. Parsons, and M. Salfinger. 2001. The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Respir. Res. 2: 164168. 43. Verbist, L. 1969. Rifampicin activity "in vitro" and in established tuberculosis in mice. Acta Tuberc. Pneumol. Belg. 60: 397412. 44. Viveiros, M., and L. Amaral. 2001. Enhancement of antibiotic activity against poly-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by phenothiazines. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 17: 225228. 45. Viveiros, M., I. Portugal, R. Bettencourt, T. C. Victor, A. M. Jordaan, C. Leandro, D. Ordway, and L. Amaral. 2002. Isoniazid-induced transient highlevel resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 28042810. 46. Wehrli, W., F. Knusel, K. Schmid, and M. Staehelin. 1968. Interaction of rifamycin with bacterial RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61: 667673. 47. Weiner, M., N. Bock, C. A. Peloquin, W. Peloquin, W. J. Burman, A. Khan, A. Vernon, Z. Zhao, S. Weis, T. R. Sterling, K. Hayden, and S. Goldberg and ritonavir.

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Reflexivity, I have noted, is the critical awareness of my own internal deliberation upon external reality including situations not of my making or choosing and including both persons and the social ; which can profoundly influence what I do about that reality, including social structures. Reflexivity has both individual `we can modify ourselves by reflecting upon what we most care about' ; and social causal powers `as incumbents of [social] roles, actors need their reflexivity to know that the associated duties belong to them, themselves' ; Archer 2003: 41 and 2.3.4. above ; . Pharmacy students as indeed pharmacists and other healthcare professionals ; need to consider how they understand the natural and social realities of health, illness and disease as these are central to the social role.

Ants expressing multiple resistanceengendering amino acid substitutions, 1404 Rhinovirus soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in vitro selection of relatively resistant strains, 66 Ribavirin subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus effect on infections in hamsters, 653 Rifabutin M. avium complex comparative in vivo activities, 234 inhibition of binding to HT-29 intestinal mucosal cells, 1200 mouse tuberculosis effectiveness alone or in combination with isoniazid in preventive therapy, 2346 toxoplasmosis murine models of infection, 570 Rifabutin-isoniazid mouse tuberculosis effectiveness in preventive therapy, 2346 Rifampin high-performance liquid chromatography penetration of and bactericidal activity within endothelial cells, 1059 L. monocytogenes inhibition of intracellular growth, 438 multivariate analysis comparative evaluation, 184 Mycobacterium spp. characterization in pathogenic strains, 2380 N. meningitidis resistance molecular characterization, 1256 P. vivax antimalarial effects, 511 S. pneumoniae therapy of experimental meningitis in rabbits, 1186 tuberculosis tuftsin-bearing liposomes in treatment of mice, 588 Rifamycin KRM-1648 in vitro and in vivo activities, 1118 KRM-1657 in vitro and in vivo activities, 1118 Rifapentine M. avium complex comparative in vivo activities, 234 Roxithromycin bone marrow transplantation randomized trial in patients receiving fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, 465 leukemia randomized trial in patients, 465 lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation inhibition of vascular leakage and neutrophil accumulation in rat trachea, 1641 M. avium complex activities alone and in combination with other drugs, 1433 Oxyrase agar dilution comparison with reference agar dilution method for susceptibility testing of anaerobes, 211 and rituxan. Mycobacterium avium within human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 111114. Mor, N., and L. Heifets. 1993. Inhibition of intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium by one pulsed exposure of infected macrophages to clarithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 13801382. Mor, N., J. Vanderkolk, and L. Heifets. 1994. Accumulation of clarithromycin in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium. Pharmacotherapy 14: 100104. Mor, N., J. Vanderkolk, N. Mezo, and L. Heifets. 1994. Effect of clarithromycin and rifabutin alone and in combination on intracellular and extracellular replication of Mycobacterium avium. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 27382742. Nakagawara, A., and C. F. Nathan. 1983. A simple method for counting adherent cells: application to cultured human monocytes, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. J. Immunol. Methods 56: 261268. Pedrosa, J., M. Florido, Z. M. Kunzes, A. G. Castro, F. Portaels, J. M. MacFadden, M. T. Silva, and R. Appelberg. 1994. Characterization of the virulence of Mycobacterium avium complex MAC ; isolates in mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 98: 210216. Perronne, C., A. Gikas, C. Truffot-Pernot, J. Grosset, J. J. Pocidalo, and J. L. Vilde. 1990. Activities of clarithromycin, sulfisoxazole, and rifabutin against Mycobacterium avium complex multiplication within human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 15081511. Perronne, C., A. Gikas, C. Truffot-Pernot, J. Grosset, J. L. Vilde, and J. J. Pocidalo. 1991. Activities of sparfloxacin, azithromycin, temafloxacin, and rifapentine compared with that of clarithromycin against multiplication of Mycobacterium avium complex within human macrophages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 13561359. Prinzis, S., B. Rivoire, and P. J. Brennan. 1994. Search for the molecular basis of morphological variation in Mycobacterium avium. Infect. Immun. 62: 19461951. Rastogi, N., and V. Labrousse. 1991. Extracellular and intracellular activities of clarithromycin used alone or in association with ethambutol and rifampin against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 462470. Skinner, P. S., S. K. Furney, M. R. Jacobs, G. Klapman, J. E. Ellner, and I. Orme. 1994. A bone marrow-derived murine macrophage model for evaluating efficacy of antimicrobial drugs under relevant physiological conditions. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38: 25572563. Sturgill-Koszycki, S., P. H. Schlesinger, P. Chakraborty, P. L. Haddix, H. L. Collins, A. K. Fok, R. D. Allen, S. L. Gluck, J. Heuser, and D. G. Russell. 1994. Lack of acidification in Mycobacterium phagosomes produced by exclusion of the vesicular proton ATPase. Science 263: 678681. Truffot-Pernot, C., J. I. Baohong, and J. Grosset. 1991. Effect of pH on the in vitro potency of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 16771678. Yajko, D. M., P. S. Nassos, C. A. Sanders, and W. K. Hadley. 1989. Killing by antimycobacterial agents of AIDS-derived strains of Mycobacterium avium complex inside cells of the mouse macrophage cell line J 774. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140: 11981203. Yajko, D. M., P. Nassos, C. A. Sanders, P. C. Gonzalez, and W. K. Hadley. 1992. Comparison of the intracellular activities of clarithromycin and erythromycin against Mycobacterium complex strains in J 774 cells and in alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36: 11631165.

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26. Ji, B., C. Truffot-Pernot, C. Lacroix, M. C. Raviglione, R. J. O'Brien, P. Olliaro, G. Roscigno, and J. Grosset. 1993. Effectiveness of rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine for preventive therapy of tuberculosis in mice. Am.Rev.Respir.Dis and rms.
Scientific tegts show t h a storm sash saves? . $ u p fuel used in h e tvplcal hemes I n s Sears storm sash, of i -lnch F e n d pine "Woodguard" treated for long l i f strong, mortise and tension j o i clear glass, Save WaS'llH" money save fUel * J and rifapentine.

Estimate the AUC012h of CsA at a certain moment, we are currently investigating still the optimal frequency of drug monitoring, both short- and longterm after transplantation. In our prospective study we use every other week estimations of the AUC012h during the first 12 weeks after transplantation, which is followed by an estimation of the AUC012h every 36 months. The study population consisted of both patients that received kidney transplant as well as SPKT recipients. Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus often suffer from severe ; gastrointestinal dysfunction and in these patients CsA pharmacokinetics is often variable and unpredictable [10]. Inclusion of these patients may have skewed the pharmacokinetic parameters of the population model, leading to deviation of predicted from measured CsA concentrations in the KTA patients. The advantage, however, is that the model is suitable and robaxin 10. Klemens, S. P., M. S. DeStefano, and M. H. Cynamon. 1993. Therapy of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: lessons from studies with mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37: 23442347. 11. Lounis, N., A. Bentoucha, C. Truffot-Pernot, B. Ji, R. J. O'Brien, A. Vernon, G. Roscigno, and J. Grosset. 2001. Effectiveness of once-weekly rifapentine and moxifloxacin regimens against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 34823486. 12. Majumdar, S., and S. K. Basu. 1991. Killing of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis by receptor-mediated drug delivery. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 135140. 13. NCCLS. 2001. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, nocardia, and other aerobic actinomycetes. Tentative standard M24-T2--second edition, vol. 20, no. 26. NCCLS, Wayne, Pa. 14. Pana, C., and L. Lenzini. 1970. Experimental research on cycloserine. Scand. ` J. Respir. Dis. Suppl. 71: 7685. 15. Pozzi, G., M. Meloni, E. Iona, G. Orru, O. F. Thoresen, M. L. Ricci, M. R. ` Oggioni, L. Fattorini, and G. Orefici. 1999. rpoB mutations in multidrugresistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Italy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 11971199. 16. Tahaoglu, K., T. Torun, T. Sevim, G. Atac, A. Kir, L. Karasulu, I. Ozmen, and N. Kapakli. 2001. The treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Turkey. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 170174. 17. Trnka, L., P. Mison, K. Bartmann, and H. Otten. 1988. Anti-tuberculous drugs: experimental evaluation of efficacy. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 84: 31 225. Yoshimatsu, T., E. Nuermberger, S. Tyagi, R. Chaisson, W. Bishai, and J. Grosset. 2002. Bactericidal activity of increasing daily and weekly doses of moxifloxacin in murine tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 18751879.

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MRP expression: RT-PCR amplification and Northern blot hybridization One ng total RNA of HT1080 DR4 cells was used for MRP cDNA probe synthesis with an RNA PCR kit Perkin-Elmer, Branchburg, NJ ; . Reverse transcription was performed using random hexamers as primer according to the instructions of the manufacturer. The PCR reaction was carried out in a GeneAmp 2400 PCR system Perkin--Elmer ; for 30 cycles of denaturation 95 C, 60 sec ; , annealing 60 C, 60 sec ; and extension 72 C, 90 sec ; . The MRP-specific PCR primers position 2540-2865, [16] ; were as follows: sense 5'-CGTGTACTCCAACGCTGAC-3' and antisense 5'-CTGGACCGCTGACGCCCGTGAC-3', respectively. The PCR products were gel purified and the band of the expected size of 326 bp was isolated. Northern blot analysis of MRP mRNA expression was performed as described earlier [28]. In brief, total RNA was isolated from fresh tumor samples approximately 100 mg ; of HT1080 and HT1080 DR4 xenografts by a single-step guanidine isothiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction [47]. Blots containing 20 ug of total RNA were prehybridized at 65 C one hour ; in 0.5 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate buffer containing 7% w v ; SDS, 1% w v ; BSA, and 1 mm EDTA. The hybridization was performed overnight at 65 C with a random-primed, [alpha-32P]dCTP-labeled MRP cDNA fragment corresponding to nucleotides 2540 to 2865 of M R cDNA [16]. After autoradiography, blots were stripped and reprobed with a [32P]-labeled cDNA probe for G3PDH Clontech Laboratories Inc., Palo Alto, CA ; to determine variation in RNA loading and robitussin.

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