Schuetz EG, Brimer C, Schuetz JD. Environmental xenobiotics and the antihormones cyproterone acetate and spironolactone use the nuclear hormone We acknowledge the technical assistance of Jared Miles. This work was supported in part by NIH Grants P42-ES04917 and ES05871 -01A1, FY960090 from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation ; Formula Animal Health and Disease Funds, NASA Research Grant NAG 9-659, and a Research Enhancement Program Grant from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
RESULTS We tested a total of 58 clinical isolates of Chryseobacterium and Myroides species with 23 antibiotics, including traditional agents as well as new and investigational agents. The broth microdilution MIC determinations for 36 C. meningosepticum, 18 former Flavobacterium group IIb 11 C. indologenes, 3 C. gleum, and 4 unspeciated ; , and 4 M. odoratum isolates are shown in Table 1. The pattern of growth at the bottoms of piperacillin-tazobactam and cefepime wells was frequently atypical, appearing somewhat filmy or diaphanous at higher concentrations of antibiotic, possibly suggesting partial inhibition of -lactamase. In some cases, the endpoints 80% inhibition ; for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were difficult to read. Minocycline, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, clinafloxacin, and rifampin were the most active drugs tested. The 58 isolates examined demonstrated very similar susceptibility patterns, with a few exceptions; 35 of 36 C. meningosepticum isolates were susceptible to rifampin, but only 73% of isolates of other species were fully susceptible. Only one-quarter of C. meningosepticum and M. odoratum isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, but 94% of the former Flavobacterium group IIB isolates were susceptible. Thirty-five C. meningosepticum isolates were resistant to imipenem, and all were resistant to meropenem and cefepime. All three isolates of C. gleum were susceptible to cefepime at low concentrations, and two of the unspeciated group IIb isolates were susceptible at somewhat higher concentrations.
Ertapenem MK-0826, L-749, 345 ; is a 1 methyl carbapenem with a long serum half-life. Its in vitro activity was determined by broth microdilution against 3, 478 bacteria from 12 centers in Europe and Australia, with imipenem, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin-tazobactam used as comparators. Ertapenem was the most active agent tested against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, with MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited MIC90s ; of 1 g for all species. Ertapenem also was more active than imipenem against fastidious gram-negative bacteria and Moraxella spp.; on the other hand, ertapenem was slightly less active than imipenem against streptococci, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, and anaerobes, but its MIC90s for these groups remained 0.5 g ml. Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also much less susceptible to ertapenem than imipenem, and most Enterococcus faecalis strains were resistant. Ertapenem resistance, based on a provisional NCCLS MIC breakpoint of 16 g ml, was seen in only 3 of 1, 611 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae tested, all of them Enterobacter aerogenes. Resistance was also seen in 2 of 135 anaerobes, comprising 1 Bacteroides fragilis strain and 1 Clostridium difficile strain. Ertapenem breakpoints for streptococci have not been established, but an unofficial susceptibility breakpoint of 2 g was adopted for clinical trials to generate corresponding clinical response data for isolates for which MICs were as high as 2 g ml. Of 234 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains tested, 2 required ertapenem MICs of 2 g and one required an MIC of 4 g ml, among 67 non-Streptococcus pyogenes, non-Streptococcus pneumoniae streptococci, single isolates required ertapenem MICs of 2 and 16 g ml. These streptococci also had diminished susceptibilities to other -lactams, including imipenem as well as ertapenem. The Etest and disk diffusion gave susceptibility test results in good agreement with those of the broth microdilution method for ertapenem. The carbapenem antibiotics imipenem and meropenem have the broadest antibacterial spectra of all the -lactams now available. Consistent resistance is seen only in cell wall-deficient organisms, slowly growing mycobacteria, Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and a few infrequent nonfermenters, notably Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and some flavobacteria. The carbapenems also are more stable than any available cephalosporin or penicillin to the AmpC and extended-spectrum -lactamases ESBLs ; 6, 11, 12 ; . These advantages make carbapenems an attractive class for further pharmaceutical development 6 ; , especially since strains that have ESBLs and that hyperproduce AmpC -lactamases continue to accumulate in hospitals 11, 12, 18 ; and are beginning to be seen in nursing home patients 2, 18 ; , perhaps selected by community use of oral oxyimino-aminothiazolyl cephalosporins. Ertapenem MK-0826, L-749, 345 ; is a novel carbapenem reported to have activity similar to that of meropenem against gram-positive bacteria, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and fastidious gram-negative bacteria but to be less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. 7, 10 ; . Like meropenem, but unlike imipenem, ertapenem has a 1 methyl substituent and so does not require protection with an inhibitor of human renal dihydropeptidase I. Ertapen1860.

Dehydrated in vacuo raising the temperature till 200oC for 2 h. Then, the samples were oxidized under a pressure of 600 Torr at 300oC for 3 h. Thereafter, oxygen was pumped off at the same temperature for 3 h. Ethylene was adsorbed at room tem and mesna. Inflammation; or Pain-- Horses: Intravenous, 2.2 to 4.4 mg per kg of body weight every twelve hours. The dose is reduced after the first forty-eight to ninety-six hours. Administration should be limited to a maximum of five successive days. Oral administration may follow. [Dogs]: Intravenous, 8 mg per kg of body weight every eight hours, not to exceed 800 mg daily regardless of weight. Intravenous injections should be limited to two successive days. Oral administration may follow. [Cattle]1: Intravenous, 10 mg per kg of body weight loading dose. Maintenance dose of 5 mg per kg of body weight every fortyeight hours if oral administration is not feasible. See also the Withdrawal times section below. ; Note: Although phenylbutazone injection has been administered intramuscularly in cattle, no residue studies exist to establish appropriate slaughter withdrawals following such administration. Therefore, this route of administration is not recommended.